Free Essays on Free MInd

of their alleged good examples and think it’s OK to follow in their strides. Friend pressure is another huge factor. Youngsters depend a lot upon their friends for direction and backing. In some cases this is an inappropriate way to take. Companionship is an off-base word that is tossed around a little to freely now days. Teenagers let their â€Å"friend† convince them to do things that they would not regularly do. Medications and burglary are brought into these relationship too. Today’s youth must figure out how to be pioneers, not adherents. Society can regularly be an unforgiving world to live in for a teenager. To be considered in you should fit the job of the flawless individual. As youthful grown-ups, teenagers are attempting to get themselves. They look toward VIPs and pioneers for an objective. They attempt to purchase the correct garments, wear the most delightful shoes, and be available at all the get-togethers. To fit in, some are pushed to the edge. On the off chance that you are trapped in a dim back street at an inappropriate time, you may be killed only for your name image shoes. Rivalry among individual youngsters prompts envy and desire prompts fierce acts.... Free Essays on Free MInd Free Essays on Free MInd In today’s society, the high school populace has encountered an expansion in viciousness. Adolescents face numerous circumstances that cause these issues. A few components are broad communications, per pressure, and society’s see on the â€Å"perfect† individual. TV, radio, and news papers are generally methods of moving messages to individuals. One may see a rough film and choose to reenact the scenes in this way making hurt one’s self or to other. Shrouded implications of bigotry and abhor are placed into music. Adolescents hear the expressions of their alleged good examples and think it’s OK to follow in their strides. Friend pressure is another large factor. Young people depend a lot upon their companions for direction and backing. In some cases this is an inappropriate way to take. Fellowship is an off-base word that is tossed around a little to freely now days. Teenagers let their â€Å"friend† convince them to do things that they would not regularly do. Medications and robbery are brought into these relationship moreover. Today’s youth must figure out how to be pioneers, not adherents. Society can regularly be a brutal world to live in for a high schooler. To be considered in you should fit the job of the flawless individual. As youthful grown-ups, adolescents are attempting to get themselves. They look toward big names and pioneers for an objective. They attempt to purchase the correct garments, wear the most delightful shoes, and be available at all the get-togethers. To fit in, some are pushed to the edge. On the off chance that you are trapped in a dull rear entryway at an inappropriate time, you may be killed only for your name image shoes. Rivalry among individual adolescents prompts envy and desire prompts fierce acts....

Development of Ophelia in Hamlet Essay

William Shakespeare in the play â€Å"Hamlet† builds up the character of Ophelia in three one of a kind stages. At first, Ophelia is depicted as a typical and respectful character. As the play advances, she falls frantically infatuated and at last goes crazy. Ophelia advances a negative way as the plot of the play proceeds onward. In the start of the play Ophelia is delineated as the ordinary, respectful little girl. Laertes discloses to Ophelia that regardless of whether Hamlet says he adores her, he may not be coming clean. After Laertes speaks, Ophelia regards the individual information on connections that he brings to the table. Ophelia acknowledges his discourse and â€Å"shall the impact of this great exercise keep as guardian to [her] heart† (I, III, 48-49). Ophelia tuned in to Laertes’ counsel and dutifully acknowledges his direction. Moment’s later Ophelia’s father, Polonius, demands that Ophelia quit seeing Hamlet. Accordingly, Ophelia says, â€Å"I will comply, my Lord† (I, III, 140). Polonius’ word gives off an impression of being of significance when Ophelia reacts in such an agreeable way. Essentially, Ophelia is deciphered as a respectful adolescent young lady, anyway this portrayal before long changes. In spite of the fact that Laertes and Polonius attempt to guide Ophelia the correct way, she winds up falling nonsensically infatuated with Hamlet. Ophelia’s express dutifulness leaves her powerless against the maltreatment of Hamlet, who blames her for being unfaithful and tricky. Ophelia claims that Hamlet â€Å"took [her] by the wrist and held [her] hard† (II, I, 97). Despite the fact that Hamlet genuinely mishandles Ophelia, her adoration for him is more grounded than him abusing her. While Hamlet reveals to Ophelia that his adoration for her has left, she is in absolute stun and disappointment. Ophelia reacts with â€Å"O magnificent forces, reestablish him!† (III, I, 153). Ophelia can hardly imagine how Hamlet no longer loves her and wishes that he would adore her again. Her adoration is plainly expending all her musings. In spite of the fact that Hamlet no longer loves Ophelia she can't acknowledge or adapt to this reality and the pressure eventually promp ts her demise. After Ophelia understands that Hamlet no longer has affections for her, she goes crazy. Ophelia sings a profane tune about a lady who is fooled into losing her virginity with a bogus guarantee of marriage. While Ophelia is dancing around singing her over the top tune, she relates her tune to Hamlet. Ophelia says, â€Å"Quoth she, before you tumbled me, you guaranteed me to wed† (IV,V,62-63). Ophelia felt that they would get hitched and she accepted that Hamlet was positively going to propose to her. Afterward, Ophelia fell into the water and suffocated. The Queen makes some noise and says, â€Å"Till that her articles of clothing, overwhelming with their beverage, pulled the poor fraud from her musical lay to sloppy death† (IV,VII,196-198). Instead of attempting to spare herself, she inactively let herself suffocate on the grounds that she didn’t care to keep living without Hamlet. At long last, Ophelia’s feelings controlled her, and these negative feeling s prompted her death. Ophelia creates through the span of the play in various manners. At first she is loyal and ordinary, and later transforms into a young lady constrained by adoration and in the end she ends it all. Ophelia is a powerful character that changes all through the play. Her visually impaired energy for Hamlet makes her lose the capacity to think or act normally. Life, to her, is inane without him, and she picks passing over life. Ophelia without a doubt advanced through the play in a negative way.

Anthropology or Sociology Essay

In the sociologies of human science and social humanities, analysts have built up their own exceptional style or inquire about and investigational methods. While between these fields a few methods are comparative, there are a few contrasts. A few contrasts happen with the philosophical reasons certain procedures are utilized. In the field of humanism scientists endeavor to comprehend social circumstances and to find rehashing designs in the public arena (Tischler, p.4, 2007). Two strategies that sociologists use are immediate perception and overview inquire about. Direct perception includes direct perceptions and acquiring data from proficient sources of the gathering that is being considered. Overview explore includes the assortment and investigation of data assembled through meetings and surveys. While there are various reasons and conditions to utilize diverse research strategies in the information assortment process, in the field of humanism overview investigate has a few advantages. In prior years the development and organization of studies, and factual strategies for classifying and deciphering their outcomes, were generally viewed as the major sociological research procedure (MSN Encarta, 2009). This permits specialists to contemplate populaces on a more extensive degree than utilizing direct perception. It additionally empowers the specialist to assemble data on a populace in a more productive way than some different techniques. The outcomes from overviews give an investigate a gatherings point of view in general as opposed to individualized considerations and assessments that can vary enormously even in little populaces. In spite of the fact that social science is like social human studies in that the two of them study human conduct, scientists of social human sciences study such points as how individuals make their living, how individuals interface with one another, what convictions individuals hold, and what establishments compose individuals in a general public (MSN Encarta, 2009). They likewise utilize a more straightforward strategy to assemble information. Customarily, much anthropological research includes long haul, direct perception of and investment in the life of another culture which is known as member perception (MSN Encarta, 2009). This generally includes the specialist inundating themselves in the way of life and living with theâ people they are examining. Another technique utilized by social anthropologists is human biology, which is the investigation of how societies communicate with their common habitat. Anthropologists may gather a lot of information about highlights of a societies situation, for example, sorts of plants and creatures, the substance and dietary properties of prescriptions and nourishments, and atmosphere designs (MSN Encarta, 2009). This data can assist specialist with understanding certain qualities of a people groups culture. While both of these fields of study include examining individuals the strategies utilized are unique. They have various purposes in the assortment of information. Sociologists mostly study social circumstances and utilize to a lesser extent an immediate methodology in their exploration. Social anthologists study the way of life all in all and any affecting components. Their utilization of social inundation and the investigation of the indigenous habitat encompassing a specific culture are not the same as a sociologists approach. In spite of these distinctions the objectives to all the more likely get societies and social orders is as yet the ongoing theme that is shared between both. References â€Å"Anthropology,† Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® Online Encyclopedia 2009. Recovered from May 25, 2009 fromhttp://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation. â€Å"Sociology,† Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® Online Encyclopedia 2009. Recovered May 25, 2009 fromhttp://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation. Tischler, Henry. 2007. Prologue to Sociology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Human resources management in practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HR the board practically speaking - Essay Example Moreover, there are two kinds of criticism. Activity criticism happens when you can see by the other individual's activities whether your correspondence has been comprehended. For instance, while introducing a thought, the individual who is getting the data executes it. Your activity criticism is the beneficiary executing your guidance, or exhortation. Individual input, the subsequent kind be that as it may, can be increasingly troublesome. As a rule, individuals would prefer not to seem, by all accounts, to be stupid or unintelligent. As needs be, they will lie and state I comprehend when to be sure they don't. Sir Jones offers an elective way of evaluation one's understanding. He proposes that speaker ask What might you do first Jones diagrams correspondence boundaries and how to defeat them in way which is straightforward. His charges are particularly educational. Jones educates that there are different sorts of correspondence yet of import to this talk, center is acutely around the nonverbal kinds of correspondence. This segment is particularly fascinating on the grounds that one is fairly mindful of the nonverbal correspondences in the social setting however not in the authoritative setting. Nonetheless, by taking note of the obstructions and adhering to Jones' guidance, correspondence inside the hierarchical build can be unquestionably progressively fruitful in this way prompting powerful authority. Enlisting individuals who aren't right for the association c... A vocation opening gives the ideal chance to consider rebuilding, or to reconsider the necessities of the activity (Pearn and Kandola 1993). A notice of an occupation opportunity ought to be clear. It ought to plainly and precisely set out the obligations and duties of the activity and ought to incorporate those things laid out inside the article (Couwood 2005). In addition, there is a point by point layout of proposed things to put in an occupation posting promotion. Every one of these things permit the business and representative to get together with an away from of what is normal and what is looked for. Required capacities ought to be communicated as far as the principles required, not simply as far as the errand to be attempted. The filtering stage can help the association by giving input on the promoting procedure and the appropriateness of the application structure. It can likewise distinguish individuals who may be valuable somewhere else in the association. To stay away from any chance of inclination, such filtering ought to be attempted by at least two individuals. On the off chance that there are such a large number of potential competitors, at that point they ought to be weighed facing the attractive characteristics determined. Further, if the activity includes reasonable aptitudes, it might be proper to test for capacity previously or at the hour of meeting. This is commonly satisfactory for manual and word preparing aptitudes, yet less helpful for administrative and authoritative posts. There are different tests that associations can apply to planned up-and-comers. At long last, the most well-known procedure of enrollment is The most well-known sort of meeting utilized in the determination procedure is an organized meeting with a customary configuration. It as a rule comprises of three stages. The early on stage covers the welcome, casual conversation, and an outline of which

First American Industrial Revolution - Free Essay Example

The first American Industrial Revolution started in the late 1700s and went all the way through the mid-1850s. Though the revolution started in Britain it eventually made its way to America. Samuel Slater is often given credit for the start of the American industrial revolution in light of the fact that he opened the first industrial mill in the U.S. The economy also began to rapidly change due to so many new things being invented, as well as the constant social and economic advances. The Industrial Revolution is what caused a shift from handmade to machine-made products, this large amount of increased productivity and efficiency brought a higher standard of living. (Alchin, Linda) The Embargo Act of 1807 is what pushed America to the realization of the need for economic independence. The Embargo Act prohibited exports and limited all foreign trade. This had a huge impact on American society and took a toll on the American economy. Nonetheless, this helped benefit America in the way that the lack of foreign goods forced the United States to start producing their own goods, thus furthering the independence of the United States. Following the Embargo Act was the War of 1812, the second battle between Britain and the United States. Before the War of 1812, the United States depended heavily on foreign countries, but due to the Embargo Act of 1807 that would no longer be possible. This conflict established the factors America lacked and emphasized the necessity for changes in transportation and communication. (Causes and Effects) Because of this severe need for improvements in things all across the board countless amounts of new products were invented. From the Lowell System, which reformed the textile industry, to inventions like the Cotton Gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry, all these inventions helped shape the society we live in today. This was a time of immense innovation and many of the products seen today are byproducts of these inventions from the Industrial Revolution. The Lowell System, created by Francis Cabot Lowell, was a result of the thought that all steps of manufacturing should be done in one place. It created a way to control the structure of labor by hiring women between the ages of 15 and 35. A typical workday for these women lasted about 12 hours and they were also encouraged to educate themselves while working at the mills as well as participate in intellectual activities. These educational opportunities were provided to help workers move onto better jobs after they were finished working at the mills. This system was specifically designed to minimize the dehumanizing effects of industrial labor by doing things such as paying in cash, hiring young adults instead of children, and offering employment for only a few years. (What Was The Lowell System) In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin which changed the cotton industry forever. Before the Cotton Gin, the process of farming cotton was difficult. Cotton needed to be picked by hand and then the seeds needed to be separated from the cotton also by hand. This was a very vigorous and time-consuming process. With the Cotton Gin they could just put the cotton in the machine and turn a handle and the seeds would be separated from the actual cotton. This invention allowed farmers to make cotton their main crop and furthermore made cotton a cash crop. Cotton became (HOW MUCH MORE PROFITABLE) and cotton production became much more efficient too. The cotton gin became so popular that it massively increased the demand for slaves and land. (27 Industrial Revolution) Though the sewing machine itself was not invented by Elias Howe, he patented the first lockstitch sewing machine. This machine combined three of the main elements from sewing machines that had been previously invented. The Lockstitch sewing machine aided in the mass production of sewing machines and clothing. Howe’s invention revolutionized the sewing industry, it freed women from some of the dullness of their everyday lives, as well as made it possible for the people of America to own more than one piece of clothing. This prompted one of the most significant expansions of the manufacturing industry and created millions of jobs, specifically for women in the advancing world. (Elias Howe) As a result of all these technological advances, America realized they needed a more efficient way to communicate. In 1844, Samuel Morse created one of the first forms of long-distance communication in the Telegraph. The Telegraph would transmit messages to a receiver, then that receiver would have to interpret the messages produced from the machine because they were in morse code. This innovation allowed the news media and the government to communicate much more quickly. The Telegraph also produced the first wire news service, The Associated Press. (The Invention of the Telegraph) With so many things changing in the United States, there were two more advances in the farming industry. The McCormick Reaper and the Steel Plow revolutionized the farming industry. The McCormick Reaper, created by Cyrus McCormick, sped up the process of harvesting wheat and other small crops. This saved immense amounts of time, and also saved a lot of labor that would have needed to be done. The amount of wheat that could be harvested before limited food supply and the actual size of the farm, but the McCormick Reaper helped get rid of those restrictions. (Cyrus McCormick) John Deere invented the steel plow in 1837. He created this plow due to the fact that the soil in the west was very different than that in the east, and all the wooden plows kept breaking. This Steel Plow was the first step towards modern farming equipment. John Deere revolutionized the farming industry by developing and marketing the worlds first Steel Plow. (John Deere) There were also advances in transportation during the industrial revolution. Two of the most popular ways for transportation was by waterway and by road. Transportation by waterway was very inexpensive which helped with westward expansion. Canals were widened and deepened which made it easier for boats to pass. The Erie Canal was Roads were greatly improved as well, with turnpikes being created to help make transportation simpler. These advances made travel safer and allowed the transportation of goods to be more efficient. (Industrial Revolution Research) All of these inventions played a huge role in the history of America. The North and the South were impacted very differently though. Many factors like population, geography, social structure, job opportunities, and labor force are what differentiated the North from the South. These factors and different beliefs are what drove a wedge between the two regions. In terms of population, the Norths population seemed to increase much more than the Souths population did. Due to the influx of immigrants coming over to America and settling in the North the South did not see nearly as much of an increase in the population. The South did not have the same employment opportunities that the North had to offer. While the South was made up of mainly white Americans and enslaved Africans, the North had immigrants coming in from places like Ireland and Germany and settling in New York City, Chicago, and Boston. As the divide between the North and South became more distinct so did the change in geographical features. The North started to focus more on infrastructure and the expansion of cities due to the increasing population. The population nearly doubled between 1820 and 1840 because of the increasing urbanization during the Industrial Revolution. The South, on the other hand, mostly consisted of farms and was a very agrarian society. Cotton, the Souths cash crop, was creating soil exhaustion and is what developed the need for westward expansion. The Social Structure in the North and South also differed greatly. In the South, the gap between the rich and poor sharply increased. At the top of the white Southern Hierarchy was the planter elite, which made up less than 1% of the society. Smaller farmers who did not own slaves were at the bottom. The majority, or 76.1% of people in the South, were non-slaveholders. (US History) In the North, the middle class began to emanate. Before, there were two major classes in the North: aristocrats and low-income commoners. The middle class consisted of people who had extra money to spend on unnecessary goods that would in turn help boost the economy. The rising middle class also had larger amounts of free time to spend working on reforms. Depending on where you live, in the North or the South, the job opportunities were also very different. The North had places like textile mills and factories. They had more opportunities for jobs as a result of factories specializing in the division of labor or dividing a job into many small tasks. This process needed more workers, creating more jobs. The North produced more machinery and tools. The South had a smaller range of job opportunities because they mostly focused on the production of cotton, which eventually became very profitable. In the North, the majority of people worked in factories. Because factories only required simple repetitive movements, unskilled labor was on the rise. The number of Americans working in the manufacturing industry increased by 800%, between the years 1820 and 1840, for the reason that working in a factory could be considered unskilled labor. The South became more dependent on slave labor with the invention of the Cotton Gin. Slaves were very expensive, which made the valuable, and the southerners could not afford to have them working in the dangerous conditions of a factory. (A.U.C.) Without the Industrial Revolution, America would not be the same today. So many of these things played a huge role in making America what it is today. From the technology to the structure of society, the First Industrial Revolution had such a large impact on the U.S. This Revolution created accelerated urbanization in America. Before the 20th century only 6% of the population lived in cities, but following the 20th century, 46% of Americans lived in cities. The more industrialized the United States becomes the fewer people live on farms. In 1790, 90% of Americans lived on farms, but today only about 2% of people still live on farms. Those numbers show just how much our economy and the social aspects of our country has changed. (The Industrial Revolution in America) Another major impact of the industrial revolution was that Labor Unions were formed. They were formed because of the poor working conditions and the extremely low wages that the workers underwent. The workers that currently belong to a labor union earn about 20% more than workers that do not belong to a union performing the same job. Union workers also receive raises on a regular basis and benefits such as health, retirement, and paid sick leave. Child Labor laws also came into effects because of the harsh working conditions young children were put into. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1838 was a law put into place to establish the 40 hour work week and is still in effect today. (Matus, Douglas) The middle class is also something that was a product of the Industrial Revolution. The middle class is considered the largest of the three classes in todays society. Middle-Class families in the 1800s could afford to send their children to school, which lead to the emphasis we put on education for children today. In the 1800s, the middle class also had extra free time which allowed them to focus more on reforms, like the Womens Suffrage in 1921 and Mental Health Reforms. Family dynamics changed as well before the Industrial Revolution the whole family worked to make a living. But as the revolution went on that changed and the men would go out to earn money for the family while the women would stay home and take care of the house and the children. (Class History) This Revolution increased the social and economic divide between the North and the South as well as impacted the united states forever. It modernized so many industries and helped form the united states that we know today.

Autobiography as a person in colonial times - 1100 Words

Autobiography as a person in colonial times (Essay Sample) Content: My Life in America Your name Name of Professor School affiliation Date The most memorable days of my life were when I had just turned 16 years of age, and that was in 1716. The reason why this year is so memorable to me is because that was the first day I saw a black man. At this time of the year, the first group of black people arrived in Louisiana, (Taylor, 2013). My father, Jean Claude, later told me that we would have some of the black people working for us. We had large tracts of land which were prolific and there were a lot of profits after sales were made. The land sufficed to be our main source of income then as we started off on our new life in Louisiana. When my father left France for America, he had no idea where to go to. All he did was travel around and at last he felt that Louisiana was the place for him. The topography of the place must have attracted him, and he always wanted to be near so as to be close to the forests and be able to enjoy the view of the Mississippi river. They had already settled down when I was conceived, in 1700. My parents got married while in France but had sought a new life in America. Louisiana hadn’t been the best of the choices they had made, according to me, but as I grew up, I started getting used to it. So much was going on then, there were a lot of people coming in and out of America, both slaves and white settlers from other continents. As a young child, all I could do was be at my father’s side and listen to how he was planning to grow this and that, wanting to become a great man in the history of America. There was so much to learn from my father. He used to know so much that was going on in the outside world. For example, as much as my father wanted to become a farmer, there was nothing much going on in Louisiana in terms of economy, (World mark Encyclopedia of the States. 2007). My father used to tell us, that is, me and my mother, about the other settlers in Louisian a. The town was majorly full of us, the French. The other settlers were easily assimilated, especially the Germans who came from Switzerland. I remember when I was still very young my mother would tag me along on a special day which she said was to be spent between three people, her, God and I. I later came to realize that she was talking of church. At this time, there were several churches that were being put up. The Episcopal Church proved to have caught my mother’s eye and we spent the better part of our Sundays there, (Library of Congress, (2010). As usual, my father was out in the general public, trying to gather information about settlers, agriculture and the economy, and later on come to tell us about it. In 1716, I had already become a teen and I could easily witness things rather than hear them being narrated to me. Around this time, a lot of Germans had been brought to Louisiana to carry out farming. It didn’t take them long to prove that they were good in fa rming, (World mark Encyclopedia of the States. 2007). This really broke my father’s heart. He wanted to enjoy the success of the French. The only consolation he had was the fact that we were there to listen to him, give him the hope that he would make it one day. When it came to me, I never let him down. I was 16 years when I saw a black man ever in my life. Since then, I wanted to be like my father, collecting information. However, collecting information alone wouldn’t put food on the table. My father worked as a saw miller, the saw mill was powered by water. This was very economical considering that water was very abundant and there were very few saw mills that were available, (Lambert, 2013). Considering that I had now gotten used to the juicy stories my father used to tell us, I always accompanied him to the saw mill. While we were there, he would get busy but still amid the work, he would tell me everything that he saw fit for me to know, including how to run a sa w mill. Day in day out, he would give me the basic steps and it wasn’t long before I became competent enough to run it without his help. After a few months watching me, he left me to take over work at the saw mill. I would wake up very early so that I would be done with work early before heading to town and get all accounts of the day’s happenings. My mother was always at home, ensuring that we ate well and lived in a favorable environment. I had turned 18 and my mother influenced me to get baptized. Af...

Pros And Cons Of Technology - 1137 Words

Technology in the past three decades has developed at such an increasingly rapid rate that the last decade’s generation is defined as â€Å"being born in the technological age†. People born in the 1990s are considered the last kids to have known a life without smartphones and computer technology creeping into every aspect of their lives. There are pros and cons to technology, with most of the cons being discovered ever increasingly as people become more and more intertwined with their own personal devices. Overall, technology is good, but it has become the bane of developing friendships, increasing feelings of loneliness, isolation, and inability to focus and communicate properly. The internet opened a doorway which allowed people to connect with someone on the other side of the globe and with this came vast pros and cons. We’re able to search something up on our phones in the blink of an eye; find the answer to a difficult math problem or research the depths of the stock market all on one device. We don’t have to scour through dozens of books to find our answers anymore. We can learn anything at any time. We can also talk to anyone at anytime. We can do both of these things at the same time almost anywhere. However, too much of anything is a bad thing. According to the Huffington Post reporting on research done by the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, â€Å"The researchers analyzed and compiled the data, and the results revealed that intensive use of cell phones and computersShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Technology733 Words   |  3 PagesTechnology is a distraction â€Å"Among the worst offenders were students at Queen Mary University of London, where there were 54 instances of  cheating  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ two-thirds of which involved technology. At the University of Surrey, 19 students were caught in 2016, 12 of them with devices. Newcastle University, one the bigger institutions to provide data, reported 91 cases of cheating – 43% of which involved technology.† According to www.guardian.com Technology gets in the way of learning. The issue is thatRead MorePros And Cons Of Technology986 Words   |  4 PagesIs technology a curse or blessing? Technology has a dramatic effect on the way we gather and use information. It has impacted daily lives and changed the way people perceive and process information. Many articles have been written about the effects on humans of having so much information immediately available to them. Clive Thompson, a Canadian freelance a journalist and technology writer, discusses the pros and cons of technology use in his book â€Å"Smarter than you think: How Technology is ChangingRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Technology1591 Words   |  7 PagesYes: In the world we live in, technology is advancing everywhere from software to machines and even cooking utensils. Improvements to our lives, by technology, include electricity, medical technology, fast productions and, Access to information and education. Without technology the world would be different and it would leave us at a disadvantage. Imagine a world without internet where your teacher assigns you an essay to research nuclear fission. Without the internet, you would have to go toRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Technology1289 Words   |  6 PagesIs the technology in today’s world a positive advancement? Over the past few years technology has basically taken over our society. It isn’t just young people that use technology, it is all groups of people, that includes toddlers all the way up to elders. Technology is a major part of today’s society and makes many tasks a lot easier. One major issue with technology is that it’s abused and many people rely on it. Technology is â€Å"dumbing down† today’s society. Technology has not only been a benefitRead MorePros And Cons Of Technology874 Words   |  4 PagesModern humanity can hardly imagine life without technology. Technologies have become an integral part of people’s lives. Every day, people invent new devices or improve the existing ones. Humanity differs by their attitudes to new inventions. Some people believe that sophisticated gadgets are actually useful and necessary, while others concentrate on the negative impact on people and their lives. Similar technologies are specially created for performing the hardest and most monotonous work. EvenRead MorePros And Cons Of Technology1631 Words   |  7 Pagesof us wonder if technology is affecting society for the better, or for the worse. I believe there are major issues on the rise with today’s trending technologies. However, like most thing’s, there are both pro’s and con’s to the way technology affects our society. It has a way of giving us new exper iences, but in some situations technology can actually take away certain experiences. I’d like to explain my reasoning for those beliefs, and better explain that it’s not that technology is good or badRead MoreTechnology : The Pros And Cons Of Technology1668 Words   |  7 Pagespast 10 years technology has changed a drastic amount. Its now more common to have a smart phone then to have a flip phone. It’s also more common to text some rather then call them. Now there is a lot of benefits that can come from technology and I am a strong supported of using it, but its also important to use it the correct way. We all have to limit how much time we spend on technology and if you’re a parent its your reasonability to limit how much time your kids spend on technology. After spendingRead More The Pros and Cons of Technology Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Technology As far back as I can remember my family and I have taken advantage of technology. The types of technology have changed over the years, along with our usage and dependence on it. Technology is a fundamental part of our lifestyle, including both work and play. What is interesting is that we also have many friends who use very little technology in their day-to-day living. This drastic difference makes one wonder how necessary the technology really is, and whether orRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Technology Integration958 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology in K-12 Schools This article discusses the pros and cons of technology integration. There are many arguments and fair points on each end of the spectrum, but it all comes down to how we must progress with technology. Public schools in the United States have more than 5.8 million computers in the schools, and that equals to one computer per nine students, and while seems like a lot, it does not allow every student access, so teachers are less likely to use computers in their lessons (Wurster)Read MorePro And Cons Of Technology Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction For the 21-century learner, learning how to navigate technology is essential to success in life. In addition to reading, math, social studies, and science, technology is becoming an important part of curriculum. Integration of technology into already existing curriculum is necessary to maximum instructional time. In addition to preparing learners for technology use in future occupations, technology can enhance a student’s learning especially in reading. With the invention of many

Venezuela And The Political System - 1573 Words

VENEZUELA Venezuela is located on the north coast of South America. It is a very interesting country, since it possesses many unique attributes and resources that other countries in the region do not. There are several different systems that represent these resources and attributes. Major Kris A. Arnold (2006) states â€Å"PMESII is (sic) military acronym listed in several joint and service publications, which evolved from a systems perspective, and equates to the political, military, economic, social, infrastructure, and information systems of states. The acronym provides a starting point for identifying key interrelated systems of an adversary and facilitates analysis and kinetic and non-kinetic targeting†. Venezuela is an especially interesting case due to the political system in place, in addition to the unique economic power that the nation has. The political system in Venezuela is communist or socialist, depending on how one defines the terms and views the nation. The official name of Venezuela is the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, an allusion to the revolutions started by Simon Bolivar in many areas of South America. The majority of those countries are socialist or communist in their governmental systems. Nicholas Maduro is the current president, and can serve as president for as many terms as he wants. The United Socialist Party, or PSUV, is one of the major parties in the nation. The PUSV, formerly unchallenged in power, lost the most recentShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Venezuelas Political Risk Assessment?782 Words   |  4 PagesVenezuela’s Political Risk Assessment Venezuela’s current political and economic situation represents a threat to any foreign entity interested in establishing a business relationship with the country. The country’s economic decay began in 2015, after oil prices plummeted from $100 to less than $30 a barrel. Ultimately, the country’s earnings decreased from $80 billion in 2013 to $25 billion in 2016. (Plummer, 2013). Due to the lack of economic diversification, the government’s mismanagement ofRead MoreVenezuela s Presidency And Leadership1315 Words   |  6 Pagessocial movements that give a voice to the indigenous and the forgotten populations. In Venezuela, the Bolivarian Revolution sparked a movement that fought to liberalize the country from the elitist and foreign influence. Under Hugo Chavez’s presidency and leadership, the Bolivarian Revolution flourished as a leftist social movement in pursue of popular democracy, economic independence, equality, and an end to political corru ption. In this paper I will discuss the origin of such an impactful movement,Read MoreVenezuelan Immigration Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesVenezuelan Immigration How did independence politically affect the Creole class in Venezuela? I. Venezuelan independence split the Creole class into two political factions, liberals, and conservatives. In addition, independence motivated many Creoles to remove themselves from politics and pass their power to local caudillos, or soldiers. (Williamson 233-234) (Greene 105-106) A. During Venezuelans independence movement, opposing viewpoints of two of the colonies most influentialRead MoreThe Economic Economy : The Economy Of Venezuelas Economy809 Words   |  4 PagesPetrolium in massive numbers from Venezuela which petroleum has a total of 95% worth of the country’s total trades, this is the 50% of Venezuela’s GDP. Venezuela is bordered by Guayana, Brazil and Colombia. Venezuela shipped to the US $29.1 billion worth of goods around the globe in 2016, while receiving from the US exports of cars, machinery and pharmaceutics merchandise. The US is a big parter in trades because it Venezuela is one of its top 4 suppliers of oil. Venezuela is highly dependent on exportedRead MoreHugo Chavez Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesthat answers the following question: Do you consider Venezuela, under Hugo Chavez (1998-2012), a democratic country? The president of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, had been reelected as the democratic leader; however, his behavior seems to be apart, and in some respects against the fundamental principles of democracy. Analyzing Hugo Chavez’s actions, and the changes made under his authority, it appears that the transformation of Venezuela less under democracy and resembling more as a dictatorship-Read MorePresident Nicolas Maduros President Hugo Chavez1455 Words   |  6 PagesRepublic Bolivarian de Venezuela, have adopted a federal system with at least two levels of sub-national government† (p.167). Former president Hugo Chà ¡vez, who dealt with Cuba often, was slowly turning Venezuela into a dictatorship. A government’s antics, such as using coercion and fear tactics against opposition leads it towards a dictatorship. In fact, LaMassa (2015) even indicated â€Å"the influx of Soviet Marxist ideas that Cuba transferred to Venezuela have perverted the political culture of the countryRead MorePolitical Risk Analysis Snapshot Paper1502 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth Avila Due Date: 9/22/2016 GOV 465- Political Risk Analysis Snapshot paper Venezuela Venezuela is a country located on the northern coast of South America. It borders Guyana to the east, Brazil to the south and Colombia to the west (â€Å"Basic Facts on Venezuela†). It is interesting to see how a country that was once rich and had a strong government can end up caught in an economic crisis. Then, this may result in violence and chaos in the country. The worst part is that a crisisRead MoreThe Civil Law System And The United States Of America1460 Words   |  6 PagesVenezuela is a country located on the Caribbean Coast on South America. Research proves that, Christopher Columbus discovered Venezuela in the year 1498 (Coleman, 2015, p.7). The country now consists roughly of about 33 million inhabitants, with about 23 states. Over the years Venezuela has had a large increase in crime in recent years and is now considered to be one of the most corrupt nations in the world. This is due to the extremely high murder rate and the problems in drug trafficking. Ultim atelyRead MoreIs Venezuela a Democracy? Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesOpinions about the state of democratic governance in Venezuela during the government of President Hugo Chà ¡vez Frà ­as have been polarized. Some critics come close to labeling it a dictatorship while others, his supporters, claim to be restoring a truly democratic regime to Venezuela. Venezuelan society is polarized along political lines and this climate does not help to consolidate liberal democracy. In such a context, it is easy to fall into simplistic, black and white views; however, it is importantRead MoreHomework Assignment1166 Words   |  5 PagesQuestions Chapter #2-Country Focus: Chavez’s Venezuela Page 42 Hill - Global Business Today 8th Edition Type each question and give answer below question. Answer the question consistent with the homework guidelines on page 4 of the syllabus. Management 470-International Business Management Fall 2014 Question 1: Under Chavez’s leadership, what kind of economic system is being put in place in Venezuela? How would you characterize the political system? (3 points) Under Hugo Chavez’s leadership

Christianity, Islam, And Buddhism - 1474 Words

religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions worship one God. A God is a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes. Like many religions, it has to be founded by someone who has had a revelation. Every great religion acknowledges revelation in the wide sense that its followers are dependent on the privileged insights of its founder or of the original group or individuals with which the faith began. In the essay I will explain how Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism were founded. Christianity is the world s largest religion, with over 2.4 billion adherents. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God†¦show more content†¦He brought the family back afterward and settled in the town of Nazareth, in Galilee. Jesus began his ministry at age 30 when he was baptized by John the Baptist, who declared him the Son of God. After baptism, Jesus went to the Judean desert to fast and meditate for 40 days and nights. The Devil tempted Jesus three times, once to turn stone to bread, another to cast himself off a mountain where angels would save him, and last to offer him all the kingdoms of the world. All three times, Jesus rejected the Devil s temptation and sent him off. Jesus returned to Galilee and made trips to other villages. During this time, several people became his disciples. Mary Magdalene became a disciple. He and his disciples traveled to a wedding at Cana in Galilee. The wedding host ran out of wine and Jesus s mother came to him for help. Jesus refused to intervene, but then he relented and asked a servant to bring him large jars filled with water. He turned the water into a wine of higher quality than any served during the wedding. Jesus continued preaching about the kingdom of God, the crowds grew larger and began to proclaim him as the son of David and as the Messiah. The Pharisees heard this and publicly challenged Jesus, accusing him of having the power of Satan. He defended his actions with a parable, then questioned their logic and told them such thinking denied the power of God, which only further hardened their resolve to work against him. Jesus

Shift From Fossil Fuel Should Be Made Mandatory - 1632 Words

Shift from fossil fuel should be made mandatory Imagine waking up everyday looking for an umbrella to protect you from the scorching sun and a breathing mask to put over your face to support you in breath clean air. Not only for a period of time but forever, because the air is heavily polluted and the sun is always super hot, that people only ventured out during night hours. These are some of the warning the environmental activist fear could be were we are heading as inhabitants of this planet earth. Many living organism depends on clean air to survive hence the balance of Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and other natural gases must be at a balanced ratio. For many people, who live in the industrialized countries find air pollution as part of our†¦show more content†¦The first reason why shift from fossil fuel should be mandatory, it is because, according to the research done by environmental scientist on global warming causes and effect. Experts warn the amount of carbon dioxide produced is increasing at an alarming rate, and man y applied methods to curb green house gasses and use of fossil fuel turned out to make less of a difference than common sense would suggest. (Lee Clark 1) As the world celebrates the year of forest, lead by the United Nation, to promote conservation. Thousand of square miles of woodland are being destroyed to make room for palm oil and soybeans plantations, cattle farming and urban dwelling suburbs. Deforestation threatens a delicate balance on earth atmosphere. Plant use carbon dioxide to synthesis their nutrient and in return releases oxygen. But with dead woodland on large acres of land, the amount carbon dioxide in the air keep rising threatening the Earth’s lungs and other living creature that depends on oxygen to survive. With this expansion of lands, many people tend to use car that uses gasoline and factory made products that are made by or with the help of fossil fuel. Ironically no clean air is pumped back to the atmosphere due to the

Linking Organizational Culture Structure â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Linking Organizational Culture Structure Strategy? Answer: Introducation In the present scenario, change management strategies are undertaken by organizations so as they can gain competitive advantage in the market. With the management of change, the company can easily modify its operational activities according to the demand and requirement(Alavi, Kayworth Leidner 2005). For the present report, the selected organization is British Petroleum (BP) one of the multinational oil and gas company that mainly indulge in activities related to exploration, refining, petrochemicals, renewable energy, etc. The report also will also focus on understanding the background to strategic change and how strategic change might be approached. On the other hand, the report will also assess different factors that act as driving force for implementing the strategic change within the organization. Models of strategic change There are various models of strategic change that might be used within the organization so that they can easily perform their operation accordant with the competitor activities. The most common used change model in the organization is Kurt Lewin change model that mainly engage in three stages unfreeze, movement and refreeze. The first stage is the unfrozen stage in which management recognize the need for change within the organization(Zheng, Yang McLean 2010). Under this stage, employee examines status quo. The second stage is movement in which management develops the new attitude and behaviour among the employees so that they can easily implement the change. The last stage in Kurt Lewin change model is the refreezing stage. Under this stage employees will stabilize the change and perform accordant with the new attitude and behaviour. Another useful model of strategic change includes Proscis ADKAR. This model indicates that effective change management mainly focuses on five goals such as awareness, desire, knowledge, ability, and reinforcement that support in the successful accomplishment of change within the organization. The five goals are described as follows- Awareness regarding need of change Desire to participate and support the change Knowledge regarding how to change Ability to implement change Reinforcement to keep change Relevance of models of strategic change to organization in UAE and global economic climate From the above-defined models of strategic change that is Kurt Lewin and ADKAR model, it has been evaluated that both of the models are relevant in managing change within British Petroleum (BP). With the help of implementing Kurt Lewin three-stage model, it benefits the organization in adopting the new culture and also supports their staffs and employees to gain the new behaviour and attitude so that they can easily resist the change(Balogun, Bartunek Do 2015). Along with this, through reviewing global economic condition within UAE (United Arab Emirates), it has been assessed that implementing Kurt Lewin change model also assist the organization to sustain in the environment and attain growth. On the other hand, another change model is Porscis ADKAR that is also consider as significant to BP in UAE as it allows the employees and leaders to focus on their activities that will ultimately result in driving individual change(Wirtz et al. 2016). Therefore, it is evaluated that both the change models are relevant to an organization in UAE as it assists the company to sustain in the competitive environment. The value of using strategic intervention techniques in organization Strategic intervention is considered as an active form of activities and actions that assist the organization in enabling proper communication. Different strategic intervention techniques are often used in British Petroleum so that management can easily implement the change. It mainly includes forming alliances within the organization, cultural change within the environment, etc. It has been further assessed that there is the significant value of using strategic intervention techniques in the cited organization as it supports the organization in managing and resisting the change correctly(Benn, Dunphy Griffiths 2014). Along with this, it also focuses on executing proper change without any hazard and risk. The need for strategic change in selected organization To succeed in the developed market that is United Arab Emirates (UAE) organization requires undergoing the change process. Different internal and external factors might result in bringing change within the organizational operation. For instance, BP in UAE needs to engage in change process due to their controversies related with damaging the environment, hazards to workers as well as other ineffective business practices(Van der Voet 2014). Therefore, to overcome the above activities BP requires implementing strategic change process that assists them to survive in the competitive environment. Apart from this, there are some other needs for implementing strategic change in the cited organization that is to gain competitive advantage. The need for strategic change in BP also enables them to be more focused. BP has been enjoying significant market share and also gain competitive advantage from its competitors through implementing change within the environment and learning the actual requirement of customers(Cabrey Haughey 2014). With the constant change, it has facilitated BP to adapt in any setting. For instance, leading oil and gas companies have undergone green to guard the environment and have turn out to be the big promoter for going green. The factors that are driving the need for strategic change Different factors are driving the need for strategic change within the activities of British Petroleum it mainly includes political and environmental factor. The operational activities of BP are primarily affected by environmental aspect within UAE. The company has indulged in deepwater horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that has negatively affect the environment and different other resources(Tanner-McAllister, Rhodes Hockings 2017). To overcome such issues in UAE Company is required to follow the environmental standard to overcome the environmental issues related to wastage and pollution. Apart from this, with the technological up gradation, it is required by the business organization to undertake change management process. BP must be ready to engage in technological change and adopt such changes as it might result in improving their operational activities. For instance, with the advancement in technology, BP must engage in using new machinery and tools for drilling purpose(Cameron Green 2015). Along with this, BP has advanced their technology and engaged in practices so that they may easily find out the oil and gas. Therefore, environmental factor, as well as the technological factor both, are considered as driving factor the easily accomplishes the need for strategic change within British Petroleum. Resource implication of the selected organization not responding to strategic change It has been assessed that there are different resource implication of British Petroleum that results in not responding to the strategic change. If BP does not appropriately respond to the change, then it might adversely affect their resources such as it would influence the human resource that is the increase in employee turnover, layoffs, etc. Along with this, resource implication of BP not responding to strategic change would also impact the physical resources that are it affects non-current assets of the cited organization such as equipment, vehicles, buildings, etc. In order to manage change effectively within BP, it is required by human resource manager to implement different strategies that would result in enhancing change within the organization(Cameron Quinn 2005). For instance, training plays the significant role within the organization as it assists the employees and staff to get trained so that they may easily engage in responding to the strategic change. Develop systems to involve stakeholders in the planning of change Many organizations participate in developing the strategic plan for the organization and through which they have involved their stakeholders in the planning of change. Strategic planning must involve every employee as well as stakeholders of British Petroleum so that they may successfully plan the change(Kuipers et al. 2014). The primary system that is used to involve stakeholders in the planning of change within BP includes functional system. This system indicates that once the organization has attained the growth now, they must engage in dividing their responsibilities so that all stakeholders of BP can easily involve in the planning of change. On the other hand, another system to involve stakeholder is through playing it straight. Under this, the basic requirements of every stakeholder is kept in mind and present them with the required information which can benefit them to implement the change successfully(Coghlan, Rashford de Figueiredo 2015). Develop a change management strategy with stakeholders To manage successful change within the British Petroleum, management indulges in developing change management strategies with their stakeholders. A strategy is defined as the plan of action that supports organization in the long run with attaining the advantage in the competitive market through configuring the competencies and different resources with the major purpose to accomplish the expectations of stakeholders. With the advancement in technology and implementing technological change within British Petroleum management must develop an effective strategy with their different stakeholders so that it might also meet their needs and expectations. Thus, the key aspect in developing change management strategy is to analyze the different stakeholders within organization whom might be impacted with implementing the change(Kavanagh Ashkanasy 2006). Strategies for managing change within the cited firm must create visible short-term goals so that it might clearly review the change. Another developed change management strategy with stakeholder includes effective communication through which BP overcome the resistance to change in their operational activities. Evaluate the systems used to involve stakeholders in the planning of change BP has developed the system that is used to involve different stakeholders for successful planning of change within the organization. From the above-developed system it has been evaluated both the system has played the significant role in involving various stakeholders(Goetsch Davis 2014). It has been further evaluated that functional system within BP has resulted in dividing responsibilities within the organization that further involve more stakeholders for planning the change. It has been evaluated that with this system every stakeholder would play the active part in planning and managing the change. Along with this, matrix system must also be used to involve stakeholders in planning the change as under this system different personnel or stakeholders collaborate for accomplishing the specific task and activities. Thus, with the help of matrix organizational system management can easily involve different stakeholders in planning the change(Hayes 2014). Create a strategy for managing resistance to change To manage resistance to change among the staff and workers it is required by the management to create an effective strategy. Creating effective strategy would support the staff to overcome the resistance and accept change within the activities. The key strategy that is used for managing resistance to change includes enabling active participation and involvement of employees within the organization so that they may easily put forward their views regarding managing the change successfully(Jones, Jimmieson Griffiths 2005). Apart from this, the communication strategy is also formulated by management for managing resistance to change within the BP. With the effective communication strategy management would convey the reason for implementing the change within their operational activities. Develop appropriate models for change For implementing successful technological change in BPs operation management team must focuses on developing the appropriate model of change through reviewing the change management model framed by John Kotter. The change model basically focuses on eight different steps. Steps in model of change 1. Create urgency The first step in the change model is creating urgency through developing scenario that what will happen in the future. Therefore, allows employees to adopt change in their activities(Hrebiniak 2013). 2. Form a powerful coalition Second step in change is forming power coalition that requires support from leaders and managers within BP so that they together assist employees in bringing the change. 3. Create vision for change Another step in change model is creating vision for change that is it would result in enhancing the drilling and exploration process within BP that further result in reducing the manual work performed by their staff and workers. 4. Communicate the vision After that management team must communicate their vision to workers so that they must gain information regarding the change(Hon, Bloom Crant 2014). Along with this, communicating vision also results in changing the behaviour and attitude of employees within BP towards adopting the new technology. 5. Remove obstacles Another step is to remove obstacles through hiring change leaders so that they may easily determine the people who are resisting the change and their actual requirement. 6. Create short term wins Another step is to create short term wins so that they can motivate their employees and workers to implement change without help of others. BP analyzes the potential pros and cons of implementing new machineries and tools in the drilling process. 7. Build on change After winning the short term goals management team analyze the results and things that need to be improved further in order to build on change. 8. Anchor the changes in corporate culture the market The last step in the change model is to secure the adopted changes within the environment so that change in future might not impact the corporate culture. Plan to implement a model for change in the selected organization In order to implement model for change in British Petroleum management must focuses on devising a plan. The plan mainly consists of different steps such as Assess- The first stage in implementing model for change must focuses on assessing the impact of change within the organization. Plan- After assessing the impact of change, management must engage in planning the activities so that workers within BP can easily implement the change(Balogun, Bartunek Do 2015). Act- After planning the activities workers must engage in the practices that brings change within their operation. Evaluate- After putting all the activities into action management must engage in evaluating the result that is worker has implemented change successfully or not. Sustain- The last step in planning includes sustaining that is hold on to the activities so that it might not impact the future activities(Tanner-McAllister, Rhodes Hockings 2017). Develop appropriate measures to monitor progress in the selected organization British Petroleum has undergone different changes within their environment and operational activities with the principal aim to enhance the performance of the organization. Thus, to monitor the progress of implemented change within the organization management develop appropriate measures such as- Goal-based evaluation- Under this method; management of BP can easily monitor progress in the cited firm through assessing the result(Benn, Dunphy Griffiths 2014). BP management sets certain goals within the organization and accomplishes them through implementing the change. Therefore, at the end of the goal-based evaluation, BP management will review whether goals have been achieved or not. Conclusion From the above report it can be inferred that strategic change management is consider as an effective approach that supports the organization to change their activities accordant with the existing competitors. However, there are different strategic change models has been also used by the management to implement technological change within their operational activities. References Alavi, M, Kayworth, TR Leidner, DE 2005, 'An economics examination of the influence of organizational culture on knowledge management practices.', Journal of management information systems, vol 22, no. 3, pp. 1991-224. Balogun, J, Bartunek, JM Do, B 2015, 'Senior managers sensemaking and responses to strategic change', Organization Science, vol 26, no. 4, pp. 960-979. Benn, S, Dunphy, D Griffiths, A 2014, 'Organizational change for corporate sustainability', Routledge, Abingdon. Cabrey, TS Haughey, A 2014, ' Enabling organizational change through strategic initiatives', A. Haughey, p. 16. Cameron, E Green, M 2015, 'Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change', Kogan Page Publishers, London, United Kingdom. Cameron, KS Quinn, RE 2005, 'Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. ', John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, United States. Coghlan, D, Rashford, NS de Figueiredo, J.N 2015, 'Organizational change and strategy: An interlevel dynamics approach', Routledge, Abingdon. Goetsch, DL Davis, SB 2014, 'Quality management for organizational excellence', Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson, New Jersey. Hayes, J 2014, 'The theory and practice of change management', Palgrave Macmillan, basingstoke. Herrmann, P Nadkarni, S 2014, 'Managing strategic change: The duality of CEO personality', Strategic Management Journal, vol 35, no. 9, pp. 1318-1342. Hon, AH, Bloom, M Crant, JM 2014, 'Overcoming resistance to change and enhancing creative performance', Journal of Management, vol 40, no. 3, pp. 919-941. Hornstein, HA 2015, 'he integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity', International Journal of Project Management, vol 33, no. 2, pp. 291-298. Hrebiniak, LG 2013, 'Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change', FT Press, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States. Jones, RA, Jimmieson, NL Griffiths, A 2005, 'The impact of organizational culture and reshaping capabilities on change implementation success: The mediating role of readiness for change.', Journal of Management Studies, vol 42, no. 2, pp. 361-386. Kavanagh, M, Ashkanasy, N,M 2006, 'The impact of leadership and change management strategy on organizational culture and individual acceptance of change during a merger', British Journal of Management, vol 17, no. S1. Kuipers, BS, Higgs, M, Kickert, W, Tummers, L, Grandia, J Van der Voet, J 2014, 'The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.', Public Administration, vol 92, no. 1, pp. 1-20. Tanner-McAllister, SL, Rhodes, J Hockings, M 2017, 'Managing for climate change on protected areas: An adaptive management decision making framework', Journal of Environmental Management, vol 204, pp. 510-518. Van der Voet, J 2014, 'The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure', European Management Journal, vol 32, no. 3, pp. 373-382. Wirtz, BW, Pistoia, A, Ullrich, S Gttel, V 2016, 'Business models: Origin, development and future research perspectives', Long Range Planning, vol 49, no. 1, pp. 36-54. Zheng, W, Yang, B McLean, GN 2010, 'Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management.', Journal of Business research, vol 63, no. 7, pp. 763-77

The Parallax 2 Future Sequence(2012) by Between The Buried and Me free essay sample

The last album I have to review before their new album comes out, lets do this. Future Sequence is the sequel to the Parallax Ep including 75 minutes of one epic space adventure. In fact, you could actually get a spacesuit for your purchase of the album, but Im not sure if thats still going so dont get your hopes up. Anyways, 12 tracks of awesome are all fit into one neat little story revolving around Prospect 2(the one on the Red Planet) who attempts to destroy Prospect 1`s planet with the help of the Night Owls. With songs like Astral Bodies and Lay Your Ghost To Rest, that setting is set up perfectly. The 15 minute track Silent Flight Parliament also is a good way to finish off the story. The track Extromotphile Elite also shares a tube from the previous album(Walking Into a certain state of confusion) but slightly different here. We will write a custom essay sample on The Parallax 2: Future Sequence(2012) by Between The Buried and Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They went all out with this one even including transition tracks in here as well. My favorites are Telos, Bloom, and Lay Your Ghost To Rest though. I see no flaws in this at all but if you do, thats on you. All I can say is, wow! I must give this a 10/10. Thus concludes the discography reviews, at least for now. I am the Grim Reaper, signing off.

Metaphysics Essays - Philosophy Of Science, Metaphysics, Ontology

Metaphysics Bringing "metaphysical mind set" into my life has been a tremendously rewarding experience. It made me realize that most often humans have propensity for getting by something with the least possible expenditure of thought because thinking appears to be hard and burdensome to them. However, tackling something with a minimum of thought is like driving in twilight with no lights on. According to Heidegger, it is a downright hindrance to pure objective employment of one's intellect, which amounts to no more than an impediment to an enhancement of one's cognitive powers. I view science as the primary means of learning about life. Science becomes our passion when we realize that it is the grounds for our existence. However, man's cognitive processes are based on his or her perceptions where human five senses are the only tools for acquiring data from the outside world. Sadly enough, all scientific systems people created tend to be incomplete and full of paradoxes since it's impossible to get out of oneself to see the world in itself, that is the way the world truly IS. Hence, it would be reasonable to conclude that humans do not have the accurate and the true knowledge of the natural laws comprising the Universe. Nevertheless, science improves as better and more accurate data is extracted from the outside world with humans developing sophisticated technology as means of obtaining more precise scientific data. Thus, as science and technology get more advanced, humans become conscious of metaphysical problems they had never encountered. From this standpoint, I believe that science and metaphysics have the common goal but different ways of reaching that goal. Metaphysics and science go hand in hand in their evolution. It's greatly fascinating for me to regard myself as a metaphysical object full of mysterious unexplored intrinsic methods to cognize the unsolved systems inside and outside of us. Every achievement offers several options of going a particular direction. For example, one can use technology the way the ancient Greeks meant it to be used, particularly utilizing the sense of the word techne. On the other hand, one can degrade oneself perverting the original purpose of the technology advancement. Thus, I assume that one can legitimately view human progress in all fields of science and humanities as a recursive process deepening and broadening the tree structure of various paths humans can take to achieve their goals. It implies that more metaphysical questions will arise in the future as the progress goes on. One might argue that metaphysical questions appear born, emerge out of nothingness without having previously existed in nothingness. Being a soft determinist, I am personally inclined to believe that all the metaphysical questions that have arisen, arise, and will arise had previously existed. They do not appear born. We simply become aware of them as we advance our evolutionary realization of the world's complexity. We merely find ways of extrapolating them from the world in itself, from the true world outside of us. All in all, metaphysics reveals itself to me as an unquenchable urge to be ushered unto the noble and innovative task of getting in tune with actuality. It's not a new religion, neither is it a system created by men. Rather, it constitutes an intrinsic desire to know the truth, to choose the impartial path devoid of prejudice, bias, or preconceived notion. Choosing this path requires a certain level of maturity, and I candidly hope that in the future I can truly call myself a metaphysician, which is not a profession, but a way of life.

Essay Sample - Is College Worth It?

Essay Sample - Is College Worth It?The key to answering the question 'is college worth it?' lies in the kind of essay that you are writing, and the fact that you have a goal for completing the course.In all honesty, it is the essay itself that determines whether or not a course is worthwhile. If you are writing an essay that states that college is not worth it because it is too hard, your prospective employer will most likely not read that essay and it will most likely be thrown in the trash.There are so many people who realize that there are educational opportunities available to them for the financial gain that can only come from an education. The desire to get these opportunities and then ensure that they do not lose these opportunities due to lack of attention is what drives people to strive towards their education.The true source of these opportunities can easily be traced back to those people who went to school to attain their education. One of the biggest reasons for achieving this education was the desire to gain employment. If these individuals did not have the need to work then they would have had no need to pursue an education.At this point, we can clearly state that this is a serious question. You must understand that this problem is not an education-related issue but one that pertains to having a job in general.Think about it - you may take any college class you want at all times, but if you are not employed by a firm that provides you with a paycheck then you have no means of earning an income. You need to be employed to pay your bills, or you will fall into debt.You may have taken several classes in high school but if you do not have a job then you will be stuck at home all day, really taking the time to study. In this case, you will miss out on all the benefits that an education can bring.Finally, you should also ask yourself if the decision to go to college is really worth it in the long run. In conclusion, consider all of the above and you wil l be able to answer the question of 'is college worth it?'

Inventory Accounting at Wal Mart Stores.

Inventory Accounting at Wal Mart Stores. From the annual reports we can conclude that Wal-Mart operates its stores as mass discount retailers, carrying between 60,000 and 90,000 different merchandise items in each store. Wal-Mart purchases more than $22 billion in merchandise, turning its inventory over as often as 4.5 times per year. Sam Club carries between 3,500 and 5,000 different merchandise items, acquiring more than $2.6 billion in merchandise. Wal Marts operations grew from 2003 to 2005. For example, the number of Wal-Mart stores increased and the number of Sam's stores increased. WalMart utilized an extensive distribution and tracking system to maintain optimal inventories at each store. They use the retail last-in, first-out (LIFO) inventory accounting method for the Wal-Mart Stores segment, cost LIFO for the SAM'S CLUB segment.For both financial reporting and tax purposes, Wal Mart used the accrual method of accounting and maintained a perpetual inventory system. Under the perpetual inventory system, the cost or quantity of goods sold or purchased is contemporaneously recorded at the time of sale or purchase.This is a selfmade image from the english wikipedi...The system continuously shows the cost or quantity of goods that should be on hand at any given time. WalMart performed physical inventories to confirm the accuracy of the inventory as stated in the books, and made adjustments to the books to reconcile the book inventory with the physical inventory.WalMart's physical inventories were taken at its stores in rotation throughout the year. They did not take physical inventories during the holiday season (November, December, and the first week of January). WalMart refers to this technique, which is common in the retail industry, as cycle counting. Cycle counting is necessitated by the difficulty in conducting physical inventories at every store on the last day of the year. This technique also provides management with feedback on the effectiveness of its inventory management and...

Suvey Unit 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Integrating Sustainable Agriculture, Ecology, and Environmental Policy Whose business is it to create a sustainable agriculture? How will knowledge systems required to support such an agriculture be developed and implemented? These pragmatic questions are addressed by the 14 contributors to this book. If in fact the agricultural community is beyond the stage of understanding and internalizing the need for the concept of an agriculture that can be sustained, then this book offers concrete suggestions for the types of research objectives and social and political decisions that must be followed in order to make sustainable systems a reality. The book contains the proceedings of a July 1991 conference, sponsored by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), that drew participants from academia and U S. government agencies. The proceedings have also been available since 1992 as volume 2, no. 3, of the Journal of Sustainable Agriculture (JSA). The publisher of this book, Haworth Press, also publishes the JSA, and the decision to make these proceedings available in both formats is understandable, since this book will be of value to an important audience that is larger than the readership of the journal. As the name of both the conference and the book reflects, the contributors represent various disciplinary perspectives and professional experiences, being primarily ecologists (7) and environmental policy makers (5), with the addition of a sociologist and an educator. The chapters cover a range of topics that can be grouped into structural issues (federal policies, EPA program priorities, information and educati on systems) and research issues (participatory research methods, identification and monitoring of indicators of sustainability, and theories and methods for the design of sustainable agricultural systems at the watershed, landscape and soil levels). The authors are authoritative and succinct in exposing, analyzing and integrating the practical issues involved in fulfilling the objectives set forth over the past 15 years by various writers who can only be called "philosophers of agriculture." The thoughts of such individuals as Wendell Berry, Wes Jackson and Robert Rodale can be seen as passionate philosophizing by outsiders aiming to raise the level of consciousness of the scientific agricultural community about the unintended effects of their research paradigms and technologies. Such writing, while constituting a necessary initial component of the developing literature on sustainable agriculture, can be frustrating for those scientists accepting the need to address the environmental and sociological impact of agriculture, but less certain about how to do so.

Problem of Historical Distortion – Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL DISTORTION: A Survey of Literature on Imam Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab as viewed through the Western slant of history By Kazi Zulkader Siddiqui The Problem of Historical DistortionOf the past fourteen centuries of the Islamic civilization, its thought, its institutions and the personalities who have contributed to its development and glory, stagnation and disintegration, the historical perspective painted by the Judaeo-Christian West has been markedly distinctive from the picture presented by the Muslim scholars, varying from outright hostile and distorted versions to the recent sympathetic (and sometimes empathetic) accounts.History is one of those branches of knowledge that can be used most effectively for the glorification and upliftment of one's own people at the expense of the traditions of others, leading eventually to a subversive imposition of one's own norms, values and way of life as the standard for others. Most, if not all of the people emanatin g from the Judaeo-Christian tradition who have penned their understanding of the Islamic civilization, have been prey to such underlying motives.This is not unique though since the subjective bias and assumptions of the historian in question are an integral part of the writing of history. What becomes remarkable in this case is the effective use of the historical perspective of other people for the exploitation of the same. This becomes manifest then, for example, in the notorious ‘Divide and Rule' policy of the post-renaissance British Empire. The Old Testament Hebraic heritage has a lot to offer in comprehending this attitude and mentality of the Western writer.The Old Testament (in the Bible) was written primarily to identify the ancestry and heritage of the Jews and thereby declare their superiority over all other nations. The other nations mentioned in the Old Testament are merely for the sake of justification of the crimes of the Children of Israel. Likewise, the modern Western writer is not concerned about the absolute and relative truths. He is more concerned about justifying or explaining away the phenomena of other civilizations. Through this he either hopes to dominate over the other civilizations, or to convert them to his own ways.We are well aware that our foregoing remarks are heavily loaded with our own assumptions; but there are certain assumptions, which are derived through the cognitive and perceptive processes using the facts of history as the starting point. Thus, in this case, the assumptions are elevated to the level of derived facts and axioms. To prove our point, we have chosen for this paper a survey of the literature in English produced by the West during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries on the famous and controversial imam Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1789).As a prominent figure in Islamic history, loved by many and hated by many others of the Muslims, he has managed to attract the attention of the Western colonia lists, missionaries, and historians who were neither, right from his own lifetime to the present. Far greater than the Imam himself is the impact of his followers – the Muwa idun or the so-called Wahhabis – on the Western literature about Islam. The schismatic element in the nature of the controversy between the followers of the Imam and other Muslims has held great interest for the very reasons we have outlined above.The analysis will become far more categorical as we proceed with the survey itself. Besides, this analysis can be made much more precise, accurate and to the point if one were to attempt a similar exercise on the survey of the Western literature about the followers of the Imam. In this paper we shall limit ourselves to the Imam only. To begin with, it would be appropriate to narrate the salient features of the Imam's life briefly. Page 2 The Problem of Historical Distortion Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab: A Brief Biography: Coming from a learned family, 1 M u? mmad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab was born in 1115/1703 at `Uyaynah, a small town roughly 30 Km northwest of Riyadh in Saudi Arabia. His ancestors had been steeped in the ? anbali tradition, and so was young Mu? ammad's education. As a young man, he left `Uyaynah for further studies. His search for learning took him to Makkah, Madinah and Damascus. He acquired great admiration for Ibn Taymiyah (d. 728/1328) through the shaykh `Abd Allah ibn Ibrahim al-Najdi at Madinah. Madinah also offered him a chance to teach for quite some time. Subsequently, he continued this occupation at the Umayyad mosque of Damascus.His journeys took him east to Basrah as well, where, besides acquiring further knowledge of the traditional sciences, he got the chance of getting acquainted with Shi`i and Sufi circles, their ways and ideas. This period ascertained for him the formulation of a mission in his mind. According to the Lam` al-Shihab, 2 he stayed in Basrah for four years and then moved to Baghdad. There he married a wealthy lady and remained for five years. He next went to Hamadan and then to Isfahan in 1148/1736 to study philosophy and Sufism. His quest for knowledge led him to Cairo and Damascus as well.Upon the settlement of his father in Huraymilah near Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab joined him, and it was here that the Imam composed his first work on taw? id, and also gathered disciples. After the death of his father in 1153/1740, he left Huraymilah for `Uyaynah where he spent four years. During his stay there, the governor `Uthman ibn Bishr of the Banu Mu`ammar became his follower. This became a cause for consternation among the powerful Banu Khalid. His preaching against shirk (associating partners with Allah) that was practiced by the masses, and against their moral laxity shook the roots of the society.As a result, the Imam was forced to leave `Uyaynah and seek refuge in Dir`iyah (which is around 10-15 Km from `Uyaynah in the direction of Riyadh), where he found followers among the amir Mu? ammad ibn Sa`ud's brothers and son. Eventually the Amir also supported him. The Amir and the Imam took a bay`ah (an oath of mutual loyalty), â€Å"to strive, by force if necessary, to make the kingdom of God's word prevail†. 3 This was the beginning of the religio-political reality that was to engulf the whole of Najd and its neighbouring territories during the decades to come, first under the amir Mu? mmad ibn Sa`ud (d. 1178/1765), then under his son `Abd al-`Aziz (d. 1218/1803) and his grandson Sa`ud (d. 1229/1814). We leave the story of the Al Sa`ud for other historians to narrate, and return to the man who called for the return to taw? id (God's unity) and a true practice of Islam. Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab continued his role as teacher in the mosque of Dir`iyah, as political counselor of the Amir, and as a preacher writing theological works and extending his da`wah to the neighbouring areas until his death in 1204/1789. 4 Bearing this brief picture of the Imam in mind, we ow turn to his Western biographers and their accounts. â€Å"His grandfather Sulayman b. Mu? ammad had been mufti of the Nadjd. His father `Abd al-Wahhab was kadi at `Uyayna during the emirate of `Abd Allah b. Mu? ammad b. Mu`ammar; he taught ? adith and fikh in the mosques of the town and left several works of ? anbali inspiration, which in part survive†. Laoust, EI2, III:677, col. 2. 2 Abu Hakima, Ahmad A. , ed. , Lam` al-Shihab fi ta’rikh Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab, Beirut, 1967 3 Laoust, EI2, III:678, col. 2. Most of the facts have been taken from this same source. Most historians give the year of death as 1206/1792. See Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, â€Å"A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia†, Islamic Studies 7 (1968), p. 38, for the argument in favour of 1204/1789 as the correct date. Page 3 1 The Problem of Historical Distortion WESTERN ACCOUNTS ABOUT THE IM M: M. Carsten Niebuhr (1733-1815): The first European to mention the Imam in his writings was M. Carsten Niebuhr who visited the peninsula in 1761-1764, that is within four years of the bay`ah taken between the Imam and ibn Sa`ud. He published his reports in German in 1772 and 1778.An abridged English version of his writings appeared first in 1792 entitled Travels Through Arabia and Other Countries in the East. 5 Niebuhr and his companions had embarked upon an ecclesiastical mission to gather some information about this ancient land of Arabia, which had been the cradle of Christianity just as it had been for Judaism and Islam. Many people have noted the false and misleading remarks of Niebuhr with regards to the Imam. In the drama depicted by Niebuhr, there are two important characters in the founding of â€Å"the New Religion of a Part of Nedsjed†, 6 namely one â€Å"Abd ul Wahheb† and his son â€Å"Mahomet†. His description of ibn `Abd al-Wahhab's youth seems to tally with the facts of the Imam's life. Now this â€Å"Abd ul Wahheb†, having founded his religion, converts several Schiechs (i. e. shaykhs) to his faith, and virtually becomes their ruler. He reduces a great part of â€Å"El Ared†, thus seemingly also performing the role of ibn Sa`ud. After the father's death, the son â€Å"Mahomet† takes over the small empire built by his father, sustaining â€Å"the supreme ecclesiastical character in El Ared†. Among his beliefs cited are that â€Å"he considered Mahomet, Jesus Christ, Moses, and many others, respected by the Sunnites in the character of prophets, as merely great men, whose history might be read with improvement; denying that any book had ever been written by divine inspiration, or brought down from the heaven by the angel Gabriel. † 9 Against the beliefs of â€Å"Abd ul Wahheb†, he contrasts the Sunnites as a â€Å"superstitious sect† whose opinions are false, depending on â€Å"their own whimsies† to explain the â€Å" Alcoran†, acknowledging saints â€Å"to whom many absurd miracles are ascribed†, etc. 0 Finally, he concludes that ‘The new religion of Abd ul Wahheb deserves therefore to be regarded as a reformation of Mahometism, reducing it back to its original simplicity†. 11 The inaccuracies of Niebuhr's reporting continued in the Western understanding for many decades as we shall see. Sir Harford Jones Brydges: Far more accurate in his reporting was the civil servant of the colonialist British, Sir Harford Jones Brydges, who sent his first report on the Wahhabis from Baghdad to the British Foreign Office in C. M. Niebuhr, Travels Through Arabia and Other Countries in the East, trans. nto English by Robert Heron, vol. 2, Edinburgh, R. Morrison & Son, 1792. Cf. also Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, op. cit. , p. 33 and a review of Niebuhr's life in Islamic Culture 7 (1933), pp. 502-505 by V. B. Mehta. 6 Niebuhr, II:130. Note that Nedsjed is Najd. 7 Ibid. , II:131-3. 8 Ibid. , II :133. 9 Ibid. , II:134. 10 Ibid. , II:135. 11 Ibid. , II:135. Page 4 5 The Problem of Historical Distortion 1799, that is within a decade of the death of the Imam. 12 The weakest part of his report is the following anecdote: â€Å"Shaik Ibn Mahamer 13 proud of possessing this new Sectuary gave Moolah Mohammed 14 his own Sister inMarriage and Moolah Mohammed sometime after, under pretense, that his Brother in Law Mahamer perverted Justice and oppressed the Tribe, murdered him with his own hands in the Mosque as he was at prayers meaning thereby, as he declared, to give to the People of Ayenah 15 a proof that his love for Justice was so great, that neither the obligations which he had to, nor alliance he had with Shaik Mahamer could withhold him from punishing even in him that he conceived to be a deviation from it. The People of Ayenah however appear to have had too much good Sense, to esteem as meritorious, so horrible a Transaction, and they obliged Moolah Mohammed, to abandon Aye nah, and he fled to Dereah 16 where he found an Asylum and Protector in Shaik Ibn Soud, the Governor of that place, who also embraced his Doctrines†. 17 Historically we know that `Uthman ibn Mu`ammar died a natural death after the Imam had left for Dir`iyah, and that his expulsion from `Uyaynah was due to the pressures from various parts of that area against his teachings.Other than this error, Brydges' report to his masters in London faithfully depicted the doctrines taught by the Imam. He says, â€Å"The Religion they possess is Mohammedan according to the literal meaning of the Koran, following the Interpretations of Hambelly†. 18 Thirty-five years later, in 1834, Sir Harford Jones Brydges produced a far greater authoritative account of the Muwa idun in his A Brief History of the Wahauby. 19 We shall return to this document after looking at other developments during these thirty-five years. e Sacy: In 1805, we find the Frenchman de Sacy writing in his paper Observati ons sur les Wahhabites that the Muwa idun are â€Å"enemies of Islam†. He considered them to be an offshoot of the Qarmatians. 20 Rousseau: Four years later in 1809, another Frenchman by the name of Rousseau produced two short treatises 21 in which â€Å"it was positively asserted, that the Wahabys have a new religion, and that Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, op. cit. , pp. 33-46. i. e. `Uthman ibn Mu`ammar, the governor of `Uyaynah. 14 i. e. Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab 15 i. e. `Uyaynah. 16 i. e.Dir`iyah, the first Saudi capital in the eighteenth century. It is now a ruin, lying on the outskirts of present day Riyadh 17 Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, op. cit. , p. 41. 18 Ibid. , p. 42. By â€Å"Hambelly† he means the ? anbali School of Fiqh. 19 Harford Jones Brydges, An Account of the Transactions of His Majesty's Mission to the Court of Persia in the years 1807-11, to which is appended A Brief History of the Wahauby: London, James Bohn, 1834. 20 M. A. Bari, â€Å"The early Wahha bis, some contemporary assessments†. Proceedings of the 27th International Congress of Orientalists: Ann Arbor, Mich. , 1967.It may be recalled here that the Qarmatians were a 9th – 12th century Isma`ili sect that sprang up in southern `Iraq and al-Hasa'. 21 J. B. L. J. Rousseau, Descriptions du pashalic de Baghdad suivie d'une notice historique sur les Wahabis, et de quelques autres pieces relatives l'histoire et la litterature de l'Orient, Paris, Trouttel et Wurtz, 1809, pp. 125-182. Idem. , â€Å"Notice sur la secte des Wahabis†, Fundgruben des Orients, Vol. I, Wien, 1809, pp. 191-198. 13 12 Page 5 The Problem of Historical Distortion although they acknowledge the Koran, yet they have entirely abolished the pilgrimage to Mekka†. 2 He claimed to derive part of his information from â€Å"le Chapelain de Saoud†. 23 Burckhardt, Brydges, 24 and other later Western writers reprimanded Rousseau for his obvious misinformation, the indignation arising over his claim to an authentic source of information. Corancez: The following year, i. e. in 1810, Corancez published his work in French. 25 Nashshabah says that after Burckhardt, â€Å"the next best Western account of the early history of the Wahhabis is Corancez's Histoire des Wahhabis, depuis leur origine jusqu'a la fin de 1809.Corancez, who was the French consul in Aleppo from 1800 to 1808, carefully checked the information he had been able to gather, and his informants were often first-hand observers; but his account of the life of the founder of the Wahhabi movement is inadequate. He ascribes Wahhabi expansion solely to the weakness and misrule of the Ottomans (whose authority in most of Arabia was at times merely nominal) and ignores the fervour stirred up by (ibn) `Abd al-Wahhab which, combined with the leadership of Mu? ammad ibn Sa`ud, must surely have been the main reason for their astonishing victories†. 6 Vincenzo Maurizi: During the following years, we find the writ ings of another Niebuhrian, 27 an Italian by the name of Vincenzo Maurizi alias Shaik Mansur. He amused his European audience with his History of Seyd Said, Sultan of Muscat in 1819, which also devoted a considerable section to the Muwa idun. Maurizi, in his zeal to discredit the movement, overstepped even the limits of Niebuhr and painted a completely erroneous picture. To give a full flavour of his deliberate misreporting, we quote part of his narrative below. â€Å"About the middle of the last century (i. e. ighteenth century), a man named Abdulwahab, or Abdulvaab, a native of Hellah, or Ellaa, 28 on the banks of the Euphrates, pretended to have a vision, in which a flame appeared to issue from his body and burn to ashes all the neighbouring country; he confided the extraordinary circumstances which had befallen him to a Mullah, or Mulla, and the interpreter of the will of heaven declared that this sign portended the birth of a son, who should become the founder of a new religio n, and perform extraordinary actions. Soon afterwards the wife of Abdulvaab really became pregnant, and bore him a son, who was named Maam? . 29 [footnote in the text reads: This happened about the year 1757. ]. â€Å"The tribe of Neshdee, or Nescede, 30 to which the family belonged, soon imbibed the doctrines which appeared to be sanctioned by divine authority, and Abdulvaab, as general of J. L. Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, vol. 2: London, Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley, 1831, p. II:103. 23 Ibid. , p. 103. 24 cf. ibid. , and Brydges, The Wahauby, p. 109,112. 25 L. A. O. de Corancez, Histoire des Wahhabis, depuis leur origine jusqu' la fin de 1809, Paris, Grapelet, 1810. 26 Hisham A.Nashshabah, Islam and Nationalism in the Arab World: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography: Montreal, Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, 1955. Unpublished M. A. thesis. p. 11. 27 About Niebuhr, Maurizi remarks â€Å"where the accurate and indefatigable Niebuhr could aff ord me any assistance, I have not hesitated to avail myself of it, and on the other hand I have occasionally remarked any alterations which have taken place since his days†. 17th page of his â€Å"Preface† to the History of Seyd Said, Sultan of Muscat, 1819. 28 He probably means al-? illah in `Iraq. 29 i. e. Muhammad 30 i. e.Najdi. Page 6 22 The Problem of Historical Distortion an army and prophet of a rising sect, had an opportunity of spreading his political power, and the opinions of the new faith, which he considered himself commissioned to promulgate; while his son accompanied him, and was shown to all as the precious pledge of Almighty approbation towards the Vaabi religion. After Abdulvaabs death Maam? t succeeded in his command, but being blind, was obliged to employ, as his deputy, in all affairs of state except those relating to religion, a person named Abdullazis, 31 an adopted brother of his father's. This minister followed up the victories of the deceased p rophet with the greatest facility. As the first barriers of opposition had been already overthrown, it would be very difficult, and perhaps useless to name all the Seek 32 who resisted in arms the aggrandisement of the Vaabi, or the particular periods of their several conquests; but at the death of the chief last mentioned, 33 almost all the interior of the Arabian peninsula acknowledged their political and religious sway.Abdullazis succeeded to the supreme authority, and greatly extended the limits of their power, having sacked Mecca and Medina and destroyed the tomb of Mahomet, whom he declared to be a deceiver, and not a messenger of heaven; he also penetrated to the gates of Aleppo and Baghdad, massacred a caravan of Persian pilgrims on their route to visit the burial place of Alle, or Eli, 34 at Ellaa, 35 and plundered that depository of the accumulated wealth of ages†. 36 The historical errors are far too many to comment on in detail; but we shall make observations on so me salient distortions.The dichotomy between `Abd al-Wahhab and Mu? ammad ibn `Abd alWahhab is carried on from Niebuhr, but Maurizi goes a step further in proclaiming `Abd al-Wahhab to be a prophet, and giving Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab almost the position of a demi-god. Besides, he transfers the hometown of the family to al-? illah in `Iraq and moves the year of birth of Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab to 1757, the year when he contracted the bay`ah with ibn Sa`ud. The fallacy of a tribe called Najdi, of the existence of `Ali's tomb at al-? illah, of `Abd al-`Aziz being the adopted brother of the Imam's father, etc. eed hardly be commented upon. But the interesting development that must be noted is the so-called declaration by `Abd al-`Aziz of the Prophet Mu? ammad (p) being an impostor. Maurizi elaborates on this and other supposed beliefs of the â€Å"Vaabi† by quoting an answer which he claims to have been given to him by an envoy of Sa`ud ibn `Abd al-`Aziz. It reads: â₠¬Å"We do not differ from other Musaleems, or Muselims (Musselmen) 37 except in thinking that Mahomet arrogated to himself too much authority; and, that the Koran was sent to the earth by the hands of angels, nd not of that man, who has even dared to falsify many of its doctrines; we also consider that the prophets, and especially Maamet iben Abdulvaab were beings like ourselves; and, therefore, not worthy of being addressed in prayer, although deserving of admiration and imitation for their piety and moral conduct†¦ † 38 Obviously, Maurizi could not have known more than a few words or phrases in Arabic, or else he would have rendered the envoy's answer truthfully. Instead, he has imposed hearsay and his own 31 32 Presumably `Abd al-`Aziz ibn Mu? ammad ibn Sa`ud. . e. shaykhs. 33 i. e. Maamet, the son of Abdulva b. 34 i. e. `Ali ibn Abi Talib. 35 i. e. al-? illah in `Iraq. 36 Maurizi, , op. cit. , pp. 36-38. 37 i. e. Muslims. 38 Maurizi, op. cit. , p. 40. Page 7 The Proble m of Historical Distortion assumptions into the mouth of the envoy. His lack of knowledge of Arabic is reflected also in the fact that he misconstrues `Abd Allah ibn Sa`ud, the Sa`udi amir after Sa`ud ibn `Abd al-`Aziz as â€Å"Abdullahazis† (`Abd al-`Aziz). Similarly, in the last passage cited, the envoy must have said â€Å"the prophets, and especially Mu? mmad ibn `Abd Allah were beings like ourselves †¦ † which Maurizi took to mean Maamet iben Abdulvaab. Maurizi's account even disgraces fiction. J. L. Burckhardt: John Lewis Burckhardt was the first to bring a balanced view of the movement to the European audience. The epistle of Brydges in 1799 was not a public document. Thus Burckhardt's Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys published in 1831 was a turning point in the Western understanding of the Imam and his followers. This work goes into fair amount of detail about the movement.Burckhardt dispelled many of the misunderstandings that had been current in the Wes t as a result of the earlier writings. The very first thing he set out to correct was that: â€Å"The doctrines of Abd el Wahab were not those of a new religion; his efforts were directed only to reform abuses in the followers of Islam, and to disseminate the pure faith among Bedouins; who although Muselmans, were equally ignorant of religion, as indifferent about all the duties which it prescribed†. 39 Comparing the Muwa idun to the Ottoman Turks, he says: â€Å"Not a single new precept was to be found in the Wahaby ode. Abd el Wahab took as his sole guide the Koran and the Sunne (or the laws formed upon the traditions of Mohammed); and the only difference between this sect and the orthodox Turks, however improperly so termed, is, that the Wahabys rigidly follow the same laws which the others neglect, or have ceased altogether to observe. To describe, therefore, the Wahaby religion, would be to recapitulate the Muselman faith; and to show in what points this sect differs fr om the Turks, would be to give a list of all the abuses of which the latter are guilty†. 0 One can quote Burckhardt at length to show his positive attitude which led him to a fairly objective analysis of the creed and practice of the Muwa idun, and the reasons why Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab â€Å"was misunderstood both by his friends and his enemies†. 41 The former took offense at his seeming attacks on the Prophet (p) and the latter saw a political threat in his preaching; thus leading to an intentional distortion of the facts. Despite this objectivity in Burckhardt, one cannot but comment on the Western slant of his perception.The usage of words often has a psychological effect on the reader. For instance, Burckhardt, writing about the Imam says that â€Å"being convinced by what he observed during his (b. `Abd al-Wahhab's) travels, that the primitive (emphasis ours) faith of Islam, or Mohammedanism, had become totally corrupted and obscured by abuses,†¦ †Å". 42 The value judgment involved in his use of the word â€Å"primitive† is apparent. The Western notion that the progression of thought and ideas essentially leads to the advancement of civilization is a result of their philosophical heritage.The Islamic notion, that the absolute is derived solely through the process of divine revelation in history and not through cognitive, intuitive or perceptive processes which are bound by the limitations of the human mind, stands markedly in contradistinction to the Western assumptions. Thus, while the 39 40 Burckhardt, op. cit. , II:99. Ibid. , II:112 41 Ibid. , II:99. 42 Ibid. , II:96. Page 8 The Problem of Historical Distortion Muslim (including Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab) would view the life of theProphet as a supreme achievement in the history of man, the Western thinker would regard it as a ‘primitive' stage in the life of man. However, it is remarkable that if one is to compare Burckhardt with the later Orientalists, he was far ahead of his own time in this respect. His value judgements are very limited. Hitti, a century later, echoes the same words that â€Å"he (b. `Abd al-Wahhab) himself determined to purge it (Islam) and restore it to its primitive strictness†. 43 Hitti goes further though in regarding the bay`ah of 1757 as â€Å"another case of marriage between religion and the sword†. 4 The subtle intrusion of value judgements are scattered profusely throughout the writings even of the socalled ‘sympathetic' Western Orientalists like Nicholson, 45 Wilfrid Cantwell Smith (d. 2000), 46 von Grunebaum (1909-1972), 47 and H. A. R. Gibb (d. 1971) 48 not to speak of the others. Andrew Crichton: The next stage in the history of the Western biographies of the Imam was set by Andrew Crichton with his publication of History of Arabia: Ancient and Modern in 1833. This is the first time that we see a Western writer composing a secondary work on the Muwa dun based solely on other Weste rn writings. Having noted Burckhardt's caution against the misconceptions floating around, Crichton relied primarily on Burckhardt, Corancez and Mengin in particular. 49 Since he has nothing original to offer, we turn to his usage of some of the material at hand. For example, after outlining the beliefs and practices of the Muwa idun, he states â€Å"They did not, however, so far outstrip themselves of all superstition as to abolish the ceremonies of ablution and the Meccan pilgrimage, or even those of kissing the black stone and throwing stones at the devil†. 0 To start with, this reveals the author's ignorance about Islam, it's beliefs, practices and rituals. Secondly, it is surprising that the author cannot even conceive of non-Christian rituals that reflect and lead to cleanliness, unity of man, and submission and commitment to God. By calling these rituals â€Å"superstition†, the author has obviously passed a normative judgment that is reflective of the Judaeo-Ch ristian tradition. Sir Harford Jones Brydges re-visited: Chronologically, this brings us once again to Sir Harford Jones Brydges.This worthy civil servant of the colonialist British Empire had little that was new to add to the known facts of the Imam's life as described by Burckhardt. He published his Brief History of the Wahauby, in 1834 after perusal of Burckhardt's work. The only point on which the two disagreed was whether Mu? ammad ibn alWahhab was the father-in-law or the son-in-law of Mu? ammad ibn Sa`ud. Regardless of this dispute, what Brydges has to offer as an interpretation of this relationship between the two is as follows: P. K. Hitti, History of the Arabs: Edinburgh, 1939, 1972, p. 40. Ibid. 45 R. A. Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1907, 1969, p. 466. 46 W. C. Smith, Islam in Modern History: N. Y. , Mentor, 1957, pp. 48-51. 47 G. von Grunebaum, â€Å"Attempts at Self-Interpretation in Contemporary Islam†, Islam: Essay s in the nature and growth of a cultural tradition, London, 1955, pp. 185-236. 48 H. A. R. Gibb, Modern Trends in Islam, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1947, 1972, pp. 26-32. 49 Andrew Crichton, History of Arabia: Ancient and Modern, vol. 2: Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, 1833, p. II:190.See footnote. 50 Ibid. , II:290. 44 43 Page 9 The Problem of Historical Distortion â€Å"†¦ and that in consequence of this connexion, though Abdulwahaub remained the book, Mahommed Ibn Saoud became the sword of the sect†. 51 This is the prelude to what we have been hearing from Orientalists like Hitti and others mentioned earlier. The only difference is that while Brydges was a part of the colonialist establishment and had a political axe to grind, the Orientalists are a part of the neo-colonialist imperialism that breeds Orientalist research. In other respects, i. . those that cover other aspects of the history of the Muwa idun, their administration, etc. , Brydges' book complements the w ork of Burckhardt. W. G. Palgrave: Moving beyond the middle of the nineteenth century, we come to William Gifford Palgrave, a servant of the British crown in India, steeped in the Christian tradition. By his time, the facts of the movement were well known; it was now the time for the growth of interpretation of these facts. Palgrave published two works, namely Eastern and Central Arabia (1866) and Essays on Eastern Questions (1872).Wahhabism had by this time become a great threat to the British Empire in India and elsewhere, and the crown was out to discredit the movement not only in the British public eye, but also among the Muslims residing in the British colonies. The latter purpose was not difficult to achieve due to the existing propaganda against the Muwa idun by the Ottoman Turks. Thus, in true service of British colonialism and displaying his loyalty to the missionary cause, Palgrave tried to paint the movement as a reaction to the pressure of the Christian West.He says â₠¬Å"The great reactionary movement, the ‘Revival', originated where scarce a spark of life had been left, by the too-famous ‘Abd-el-Wahhab, in the land of Nejd, has gradually but surely extended itself over the entire surface and through all the length and depth of Islam; while the ever increasing pressures of the Christian, or, at least, non-Mahometan, West, has intensified the ‘fanatical' tendency, even where it has modified its special direction.For ‘Islam' is a political not less than a religious whole;†¦ † 52 This was a rejoinder to the alarm sounded by W. W. Hunter (who was in Her Majesty's Bengal Civil Service) in his book The Indian Musalmans. 53 By this time, the British had already successfully faced Sayyid A? mad Shahid (d. 1831), Titu Mir and the War of 1857. With these major setbacks, a wave of strong ‘Wahhabi' feelings had swept the Muslims of Bengal and Northern India, hoping to regain their lost position.Therefore, it was essen tial for the British cause to subvert this obvious threat. Apart from the political motivations for his analysis, his Christian missionary zeal and hatred for Islam drove Palgrave to write as follows: â€Å"The Wahhabee reformer formed the design of putting back the hour-hand of Islam to its starting-point; and so far he did well, for that hand was from the first meant to be fixed. Islam is in its essence stationary, and was framed thus to remain.Sterile like its God, lifeless like its first Principle and supreme Original in all that constitutes true life – for life is love, participation, and progress, and of these the Coranic Deity has none – it justly repudiates all change, all advance, all developement. To borrow the forcible words of Lord Houghton, the 51 52 Brydges, The Wahauby, p. 107. W. G. Palgrave, Essays on Eastern Questions: London, MacMillan & Co. , 1872, p. 115. 53 W. W. Hunter, The Indian Musalmans, 1871. Page 10 The Problem of Historical Distortion wri tten book† is there the â€Å"dead man's hand†, stiff and motionless; whatever savours of vitality is by that alone convicted of heresy and defection. â€Å"But Christianity with its living and loving God, Begetter and Begotten, Spirit and Movement, nay more, a Creator made creature, the Maker and the made existing in One, a Divinity communicating itself by uninterrupted gradation and degree from the most intimate union far off to the faintest irradiation, though all that It has made for love and governs in love;†¦ † 54 Mu? mmad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab is the example for him par excellence of the true image of Islam, stagnant against a dynamic Christianity, backward looking against the advancing Christianity, lifeless against the living Christianity, and with a Sterile God against a living and loving Christian God who begets his only begotten Son becoming the Creator and creature, the Maker and the made all in One. Palgrave combined the missionary and the colonia list mentality in a perfect blend that was to reflect in the Orientalist attitude during the century to follow. He becomes the precursor to the likes of Samuel Zwemer, 55 E. Calverley, C. M.Doughty (1843-1926), 56 T. E. Lawrence (1888-1935), 57 and others. We end our analysis with Palgrave. Doubtless, the approach of the Orientalist has improved vastly during this century, as we see in the writings of George Rentz, for example. 58 However, the Orientalists of the latter portion of the nineteenth century, and until recently, those of the twentieth century have faithfully followed the tradition of the likes of Palgrave. CONCLUSION: For the sake of betterment and advancement of the civilization of man, we go back to our opening remarks and question the Western Judaeo-Christian approach towards the civilizations of the East.Rejecting the self-centeredness and particularity practiced by the Judaeo-Christian West, and in order to approximate the Islamic universality, we must shed our feat hers and appreciate the traditions and civilizations of others within their own framework and assumptions. The plurality of this small world, shrunk by the advance of technology, necessitates a renunciation of selfishness and oppression of the weak, at least in intellectual exercises. In the present context, that is of our approach towards history, we are now bound to accept the facts as such and interpret them for the betterment of mankind.It is obvious that personal biases cannot be eliminated in their totality. The basic assumptions must remain. Regardless, this should not lead us to a distortion of facts. Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab served an important purpose to a significant population of mankind, and has also caused grievance to many. In light of this we cannot justify either veneration or denunciation of this man, who devoted his life for a simple cause. W. G. Palgrave, Narrative of a Year's Journey Through Eastern and Central Arabia (1862-63), 2 Vols. : London, MacMillan & Co. , 1866, p. I:372. 5 Samuel M. Zwemer, Arabia the Cradle of Islam and The Mohammedan World of Today: N. Y. , Fleming H. Revell Co. , 1906. 56 Charles Montagu Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta: London, N. Y. , 1906. 57 T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: London, Jonathan Cape, 1926, 1935, 1940 Idem. , Revolt in the Desert: N. Y. , George H. Doran Co. , 1927 58 George Rentz, Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab and the Unitarian Movement in Arabia, Ph. D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Cf. also Idem. , â€Å"Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia† in The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics, ed. y Derek Hopwood: London, George Allen Unwin, 1972, pp. 54-66. And Idem. , â€Å"The Wahhabis† in Religion in the Middle East ed. by A. J. Arberry: Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969, pp. 270- 284. Page 11 54 The Problem of Historical Distortion Instead, his contribution to the development of civilization must be appreciated in its true perspective. The most important c onclusion is the recognition of the distortion of facts, deliberate or otherwise, by the Western colonialists, their functionaries, their missionaries, and the Orientalists who were none of these.Their aims were multifarious. While the colonialists and their functionaries strove to maintain their political supremacy and to keep the Muslim population subdued within the colonies, the missionaries tried their utmost to distort Islam to the extent possible hoping to gain converts. It was often that the aims of the colonialists and the missionaries though seemingly different were in fact the same. Hence, they worked hand in glove throughout and distorted the facts of history to make their own ends meet. Page 12 The Problem of Historical DistortionBIBLIOGRAPHY Abu Hakima, Ahmad A. , ed. , Lam` al-Shihab fi ta’rikh Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab, Beirut, 1967 M. A. Bari, Harford Jones Brydges, â€Å"The early Wahhabis, some contemporary assessments†. Proceedings of the 27th Int ernational Congress of Orientalists: Ann Arbor, Mich. , 1967. An Account of the Transactions of His Majesty's Mission to the Court of Persia in the years 1807-11, to which is appended A Brief History of the Wahauby: London, James Bohn, 1834. Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, vol. 2: London, Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley, 1831, p.II:103. Histoire des Wahhabis, depuis leur origine jusqu'a la fin de 1809, Paris, Grapelet, 1810. History of Arabia: Ancient and Modern, vol. 2: Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, 1833 Travels in Arabia Deserta: London, N. Y. , 1906. An abridged version of this work was also published under the title Wanderings In Arabia, London, Duckworth, 1908, 1926 Modern Trends in Islam, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1947, 1972 â€Å"Attempts at Self-Interpretation in Contemporary Islam†, Islam: Essays in the nature and growth of a cultural tradition, London, 1955, pp. 85-236 History of the Arabs: Edinburgh, 1939, 1972 The Indian Musalmans, 1871 â€Å"A Diplomat's R eport on Wahhabism of Arabia†, Islamic Studies 7 (1968), Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition, III:677, col. 2. Seven Pillars of Wisdom: London, Jonathan Cape, 1926, 1935, 1940 Revolt in the Desert: N. Y. , George H. Doran Co. , 1927 History of Seyd Said, Sultan of Muscat, 1819 A review of Niebuhr's life in Islamic Culture 7 (1933), pp. 502-505 Islam and Nationalism in the Arab World: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography: Montreal, Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, 1955.Unpublished M. A. thesis. Literary History of the Arabs, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1907, 1969 Travels Through Arabia and Other Countries in the East, trans. into English by Robert Heron, vol. 2, Edinburgh, R. Morrison & Son, 1792. Essays on Eastern Questions: London, MacMillan & Co. , 1872 Narrative of a Year's Journey Through Eastern and Central Arabia (1862-63), 2 Vols. : London, MacMillan & Co. , 1866 Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab and the Unitarian Movement in Arabia, Ph. D. Thesis, M cGill University, Montreal, Canada. â€Å"Wahhabism and SaudiArabia† in The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics, ed. by Derek Hopwood: London, George Allen Unwin, 1972, pp. 54-66 â€Å"The Wahhabis† in Religion in the Middle East ed. by A. J. Arberry: Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969, pp. 270- 284 Descriptions du pashalic de Baghdad suivie d'une notice historique sur les Wahabis, et de quelques autres pieces relatives a l'histoire et a la litterature de l'Orient, Paris, Trouttel et Wurtz, 1809, pp. 125-182. J. L. Burckhardt, L. A. O. de Corancez, Andrew Crichton, Charles Montagu Doughty, H. A. R. Gibb, G. von Grunebaum, P. K.Hitti, W. W. Hunter, Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, Henri Laoust, T. E. Lawrence, Idem. , Vincenzo Maurizi, V. B. Mehta, Hisham A. Nashshabah, R. A. Nicholson, C. M. Niebuhr, W. G. Palgrave, W. G. Palgrave, George Rentz, Idem. , Idem. , J. B. L. J. Rousseau, Page 13 The Problem of Historical Distortion Idem. , W. C. Smith, Samuel M. Zwemer, â₠¬Å"Notice sur la secte des Wahabis†, Fundgruben des Orients, Vol. I, Wien, 1809, pp. 191198. Islam in Modern History: N. Y. , Mentor, 1957 Arabia the Cradle of Islam and The Mohammedan World of Today: N. Y. , Fleming H. Revell Co. , 1906 Page 14